Evidence
What peptide studies actually show, which claims remain unproven, and how the regulatory record affects access. Each review gives a direct answer, the evidence behind it and the limits that matter when comparing treatments.
47 reviews · page 1 of 4
What did bremelanotide improve in the RECONNECT trials?
Bremelanotide improved reported desire and related distress in premenopausal women with HSDD, but did not significantly increase the prespecified number of satisfying sexual events; nausea and dropout matter when interpreting benefit.
How much weight returns after stopping semaglutide?
Regain was common after withdrawal in two STEP studies, but their averages describe selected groups and different follow-up periods; they do not predict an individual outcome or establish a tapering method.
Does tirzepatide treat sleep apnea or only reduce weight?
Two controlled trials found fewer breathing events in adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe sleep apnea. They do not establish a weight-independent effect, a cure for everyone or a reason to stop PAP without reassessment.
Why do carnosine studies report positive and negative metabolic results?
Different reports from one small trial assessed different outcomes: a glucose-test signal did not extend to demonstrated vascular, muscle or body-composition benefits.
What does the dulaglutide-versus-semaglutide evidence actually compare?
Semaglutide produced larger glucose and weight changes in SUSTAIN 7, but that trial did not compare cardiovascular protection or every current formulation and strength.
Do LL-37 wound studies establish that the peptide works?
A small topical pilot showed healing signals, but the larger trial found no overall advantage; an exploratory subgroup result does not establish a benefit for injected LL-37.
Does retatrutide preserve muscle while reducing body fat?
The DXA substudy found substantial fat loss and a lean-mass loss proportion similar to other obesity treatments; it did not demonstrate zero lean-mass loss or preserved muscle strength.
Does thymosin alpha-1 improve survival in sepsis?
The larger blinded trial did not establish a survival benefit; its corrected estimate remains compatible with benefit or harm, and immune-marker changes do not settle the question.
What did afamelanotide trials actually measure?
Two controlled EPP trials found longer pain-free sunlight exposure; a separate vitiligo study tested combination treatment, so neither provides a general safety endorsement for cosmetic tanning.
Does ARA-290 have convincing evidence for neuropathic pain?
Small sarcoidosis studies reported symptom and nerve-fiber signals, but pain results were less consistent; the evidence does not establish a broadly effective neuropathy treatment.
Did aviptadil improve outcomes in severe COVID-19?
Neither of the two cited randomized trials met its primary endpoint; the larger TESICO comparison found no significant improvement in recovery or mortality.
Why do Cerebrolysin stroke trials appear to disagree?
The large CASTA trial missed its overall endpoint, while the smaller exploratory CARS study reported better arm recovery during rehabilitation; neither result can substitute for the other.
A review argues from the ledger; the ledger itself is published as reference tables, and every molecule’s dated posture is in the molecule index. Terms of art are defined in the glossary.