Evidence
What peptide studies actually show, which claims remain unproven, and how the regulatory record affects access. Each review gives a direct answer, the evidence behind it and the limits that matter when comparing treatments.
47 reviews · page 3 of 4
What side effects does the tesamorelin label record?
Joint pain, injection site reactions, pain in the arms or legs, swelling and muscle pain are the most common, measured in 543 adults with HIV who took tesamorelin in placebo-controlled trials; the label adds warnings on glucose intolerance, raised IGF-1, fluid retention, allergic reactions and existing cancer, and none of its figures describe use outside that population.
What is the Wolverine stack, and has BPC-157 with TB-500 been tested in people?
No trial has tested the pair. The Wolverine stack is a marketplace name for BPC-157 used together with TB-500; the only human data on the combination are four patients in one uncontrolled chart review, a rat study found no added benefit from combining them, neither peptide may be lawfully compounded while FDA acts on a July 2026 advisory vote, and both are prohibited in sport.
Does a lawful compounding status mean a peptide is supported by evidence?
No, and vasoactive intestinal peptide is the proof: it sits in Category 1 of the 503A bulks list, so a pharmacy may compound it today, while its largest randomized trial was stopped for futility and missed every primary endpoint.
What does Category 3 of the FDA 503A bulks list actually mean?
It means the nomination was too thin to evaluate: not that the substance is unsafe, which is Category 2, and not that a pharmacy may compound it, which is Category 1. Seven substances in this index sit there and the category has moved none of them.
Did the randomized trials of secretin for autism support the treatment?
No. A scoped census returns 19 randomized-type records; all 19 were opened, 16 are randomized trials of secretin in autism, and every one of the 16 reports no benefit on its primary measures.
Do thymulin's eight trial-type records show that the peptide has been tested in people?
No. All eight were opened: seven measure the body's own thymulin as a marker of zinc status inside zinc-supplementation trials, and the eighth administers a different molecule, a synthetic analogue, in a 1989 pilot.
Do the trial records for GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 support the uses the compounds are sold for?
No. All 115 titles were read: they are overwhelmingly pituitary provocation and diagnostic studies, giving the peptide to measure hormone release rather than to treat anything, and the GHRP-6 count also draws in neighboring compounds and animal work.
Does the evidence support the lifespan and telomerase claims made for Epitalon?
No. The telomerase finding is a 2003 cell-culture report; the nine trial-type human records belong almost entirely to epithalamin, a glandular extract, appear in Russian journals or their translated editions, and the most recent was published in 2011.
Does the cosmetic-science evidence for copper tripeptide support injecting it?
No. The two human trials apply the tripeptide to skin and one found it no better than placebo; the injection-scoped literature holds no trial of any type, a topical product sold for appearance is a cosmetic, and the injectable form sits on no list.
What is the record on Melanotan II, which was removed from Category 2 and never reviewed?
A tanning peptide with no tanning trial. Four trial-type records, all from 1996 to 2000, studied erections; the 23 case reports since include melanoma, priapism, renal infarction and rhabdomyolysis; FDA's safety finding stands, and the substance sits on no list.
Does MOTS-c do in people what the exercise-mimetic marketing claims?
Not on any published evidence. The mechanism is real in mice; the five human trial-type records measure the body's own circulating MOTS-c after exercise, heat or metformin, or in a disease cohort, and not one administers the peptide to anyone.
What is PT-141's actual United States posture, and what does its approval cover?
PT-141 is bremelanotide, approved in June 2019 under NDA 210557 for premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder and for nothing else; the label excludes men and postmenopausal women, and no compounded or research-use vial is that product.
A review argues from the ledger; the ledger itself is published as reference tables, and every molecule’s dated posture is in the molecule index. Terms of art are defined in the glossary.